Chemistry / Chem 2346 · Atom · ~20 seconds
Halogen Physical State Tracks London Dispersion Forces
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State
Among halogens, physical state progresses gas to liquid to solid down the group as molecular mass and polarizability rise, strengthening London dispersion forces.
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Fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine a liquid, and iodine a solid, all at room temperature.
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Covalent bonding within each diatomic molecule does not change down the group — only the weak intermolecular attraction does, per Unit 8.
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